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‘wide’), then a few dozen grains may be enough The study is merely to characterise the general shape of the distribution (e.g., ‘young’ This question depends on the geological problem of interest. The question thenĪrises how many grains constitute a ‘representative’ number of grains. Properties in a representative number of grains from each sample. On the most basic level, provenance analysis requires the geologist to identify certain Where p and p can be further analysed by the The actual package can then be installed by
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Purpose to Matlab, which is available free of charge on any operating systemĪt. Is an increasingly popular programming environment similar in scope and
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Run these examples and use the provenance package, one should first install R.
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The various functions in this paperĪre illustrated with many code snippets. Multiple samples analysed with multiple methods, using Procrustes analysisĪnd 3-way Multidimensional Scaling. Quantify the ‘dissimilarity’ between distributional and compositional data.įinally, section 5 covers functionality to combine large datasets comparing This Section also presents a brief overview of different approaches to Section 4 introduces Principal ComponentĪnalysis and Multidimensional Scaling as dimension reducing techniques whichįacilitate the interpretation of multi-sample datasets analysed by a single Undone and how mineralogical and petrographic provenance proxies areĪffected by hydraulic sorting. Sections 3.3 andģ.4 show how the effects of selective entrainment of dense minerals can be (Section 3.1) and functions to plot detrital age distributions as Kernel DensityĮstimates and Cumulative Age Distributions (Section 3.2). Section 3 covers some functions that deal with a single provenance proxyĪpplied to a single sample of sediment. The various sections of this article areĪrranged in order of increasing complexity and dimensionality, using a publishedĭataset from Namibia for examples (Section 2). This paper aims to group some of the most useful tools under aĬommon umbrella, the provenance package.
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Software environments (e.g., Ludwig, 2003 Marshall, 1996 Sircombe and Scattered in many different places and implemented in a variety of different Have developed a plethora of methods to address this issue, which are Over the past few years, sedimentary geologists and geochronologists Large datasets can be prohibitively difficult to interpret without statisticalĪids. Thanks to technological improvements, it is nowĬommon practice to analyse thousands of grains in dozens of samples. Silt) through a sediment routing system, has entered an era of ‘Big Data’ Properties of siliciclastic sediments are used to trace the flow of sand (or
Sedimentary provenance analysis, in which chemical, mineralogical and isotopic Keywords: provenance – statistics – U-Pb – zircon – heavy minerals – petrography – geochemistry 1 Introduction
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provenance is free software released under the GPL-2 license and will be expanded based on user feedback. All these tools can be accessed through an intuitive query-based user interface, which does not require knowledge of the R programming language. provenance comprises functions to: (a) calculate the sample size required to achieve a given detection limit (b) plot distributional data such as detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra as Cumulative Age Distributions (CADs) or adaptive Kernel Density Estimates (KDEs) (c) plot compositional data as pie charts or ternary diagrams (d) correct the effects of hydraulic sorting on sandstone petrography and heavy mineral composition (e) assess the settling equivalence of detrital minerals and grain-size dependence of sediment composition (f) quantify the dissimilarity between distributional data using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Sircombe-Hazelton distances, or between compositional data using the Aitchison and Bray-Curtis distances (e) interpret multi-sample datasets by means of (classical and nonmetric) Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and (f) simplify the interpretation of multi-method datasets by means of Generalised Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and 3-way MDS.
This paper introduces provenance, a software package within the statistical programming environment R, which aims to facilitate the visualisation and interpretation of large amounts of sedimentary provenance data, including mineralogical, petrographic, chemical and isotopic provenance proxies, or any combination of these.